Blocking of the squid axon K+ channel by noxiustoxin: a toxin from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides noxius

We have studied the selective effects of noxiustoxin (NTX), a fraction of the venom of the scorpion Centruroides noxius, on the K currents of perfused squid giant axons using the voltage-clamp technique. At concentrations below 1.5 microM, NTX blocked K currents in a voltage-independent manner, with little effect on their turning-on and turning-off kinetics. Above 1.5 microM, the block by NTX became voltage-dependent and could be partially removed by repetitive pulsing and strong depolarizations. Long repolarizations and more negative holding potentials favoured the slow restoration of channel block. Reduction of K currents by internally perfusing the fibers with solutions of low K+ concentration (200 mM), affected very little the removal of NTX-block during repetitive pulsing, suggesting that block removal depended on membrane potential and not on outward movements of K+ ions through open channels. In high extracellular K+ (300 mM) the blocking action of NTX was reduced and the instantaneous I-V characteristics showed a marked outward rectification. At 20 microM NTX, inward tail currents measured on step repolarizations to -70 mV were fully blocked, suggesting a direct interaction of the toxin with the open channel. The effects of the total venom Centruroides noxius Hoffmann was also studied. External application of 0.25 mg/ml of the venom caused a marked reduction of both Na and K currents, an effect similar to that of other scorpion venoms.