Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1alpha mediates Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 enhancement in human adherent monocytes fed with malarial pigment

Objective: To investigate the role of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) in the detrimental enhancement of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression, release and activity induced by phagocytosis of malarial pigment (haemozoin, HZ) in human monocyte. Methods: Human adherent monocytes were unfed/fed with native HZ for 2 h. After 24 hours, MIP-1alpha production was evaluated by ELISA in cell supernatants. Alternatively, HZ-unfed/fed monocyte were treated in presence/absence of anti-human MIP-1alpha blocking antibodies or recombinant human MIP-1alpha for 15 h (RNA studies) or 24 h (protein studies); therefore, MMP-9 mRNA expression was evaluated in cell lysates by Real Time RT-PCR, whereas proMMP-9 and active MMP-9 protein release were measured in cell supernatants by Western blotting and gelatin zymography. Results: Phagocytosis of HZ by human monocyte increased production of MIP-1 alpha, mRNA expression of MMP-9 and protein release of proMMP-9 active MMP-9. All the HZ-enhancing effects on MMP-9 were abrogated by anti-human MIP-1alpha blocking antibodies and mimicked by recombinant human MIP-1alpha. Conclusion: The present work suggests a role for MIP-1alpha in the HZ-dependent enhancement of MMP-9 expression, release and activity observed in human monocyte, highlighting new detrimental effects of HZ-triggered proinflammatory response by phagocytic cells in falciparum malaria.