Pluralism(s) in economics: lessons from complexity and innovation.

The analysis focuses on two main observations. First, many competing schools of thoughts are currently present in economics with no predominant paradigm. We are experiencing an era of pluralism (Davis 2008; Colander 2000; Colander et al., 2004; Davis 2007). The term 'pluralism' is extremely interesting since, as I will show, it has different dimensions to it. These offer insights into interpreting the tangled universe of economics. Second, there is a progressive intertwining of innovation economics with complexity economics, which I argue provides an instance of the above-described shift toward pluralism.