What is the impact of sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass on metabolic control of diabetes? A clinic-based cohort of Mediterranean diabetic patients

Background Effectiveness of sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass on glycemic, blood pressure, and lipids control in obese type 2 diabetic patients is poorly known. Objective To assess the effectiveness of bariatric surgery on obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Setting University hospital, Italy. Methods Diabetes remission and metabolic changes over postoperative follow-up were assessed in 135 obese patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent bariatric surgery in 2007–2011 (gastric bypass, n = 100; sleeve gastrectomy, n = 35). Repeated-measures analysis of variance and logistic regression were used. Results Diabetes remission was observed in 22% and 21.5% of the patients, respectively, 1 and 2 years after surgery. Compared with the remaining patients, patients in diabetes remission were significantly younger, had lower diabetes duration, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose, and frequency of insulin treatment. Trends of HbA1c, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and plasma triglycerides revealed a significant decrease over time and the trend of HDL-cholesterol revealed a significant increase over time in both treatment groups (P<.001). Patients reaching target levels for at least 3 out of 5 indicators of intermediate outcomes of care (composite indicator of good diabetes control) were 25.5% at the baseline and 66.1% at final follow-up visit (P<.001). In logistic regression, age (OR = .89, 95% CI .84–.95), HbA1c (OR = .67, 95% CI .49–0.91) and diabetes duration (OR = .87, 95% CI .77–1.00) were independent predictors of diabetes remission. Conclusions Bariatric surgery is an effective approach to optimize glucose, lipids, and blood pressure control in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Bariatric surgery should be offered earlier over the natural course of diabetes to increase the likelihood of diabetes remission in obese patients.