Geophysical monitoring for shallow geothermal applications - Two Italian case histories

In the context of shallow geothermal applications, geophysics can be applied as design and monitoring tool. In the last decades mainly electrical resistivity measurements have been adopted both for the characterization and to image spatial and temporal distribution of temperature within the ground. This paper is therefore focusing on the use of electrical resistivity in this context with a devoted look to Italians state of art. A brief literature review of thermal characteristics influencing the resistivity value and example applications of Electric Resistivity Tomography (ERT) data is reported. Two example case histories, in very different hydrogeological contexts, in northern Italy are also briefly commented.