A consistent reaction scheme for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia

For the first time, the standard and fast selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by NH3 are described in a complete catalytic cycle that is able to produce the correct stoichiometry while allowing adsorption and desorption of stable molecules only. The standard SCR reaction is a coupling of the activation of NO by O-2 with the fast SCR reaction, enabled by the release of NO2. According to the scheme, the SCR reaction can be divided into an oxidation of the catalyst by NO + O-2 and a reduction by NO + NH3; these steps together constitute a complete catalytic cycle. Furthermore, both NO and NH3 are required in the reduction, and finally, oxidation by NO + O-2 or NO2 leads to the same state of the catalyst. These points are shown experimentally for a Cu-CHA catalyst by combining in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A consequence of the reaction scheme is that all intermediates in fast SCR are also part of the standard SCR cycle. The activation energy calculated by density functional theory (DFT) indicates that the oxidation of an NO molecule by O-2 to a bidentate nitrate ligand is rate-determining for standard SCR. Finally, the role of a nitrate/nitrite equilibrium and the possible influence of Cu dimers and Brensted sites are discussed, and an explanation is offered as to how a catalyst can be effective for SCR while being a poor catalyst for NO oxidation to NO2.