Ortografie e lingue tetto: qualche appunto

This paper deals with two varieties of North-Western Italy: Occitan and Francoprovençal. These languages show a different historical and sociolinguistic background, which has biased, and still biases, standardization policies; we will concentrate on one of such aspects, graphization, supposing a linkage between the choice of orthographic norms and the influence exerted by a roof language (Dachsprache). In order to reach this goal, we will assume three different kinds of roofing: a linguistic roofing, when the superposed language is genetically close-related to the roofed dialects (French for Occitan and Francoprovençal ), a social roofing, when the superposed language is the official language of institutions and schooling (e.g. Italian for Occitan and Francoprovençal in Piedmont; Italian and French for Francoprovençal in the Aosta Valley), and a cultural roofing, when the superposed language is a longed-for language (Wunschsprache), or the language of dominant classes (e.g. French, and somewhat Catalan, are Wunschsprachen for Occitan in Piedmont). When a roofing changes, it is very likely that a change in orthographic norms will take place.