Homonegativity and sport: A systematic review of the literature

The hypermasculine subculture of individual and team sports is a context where discriminatory attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people can occur at a higher rate, although conflicting results emerged in the literature. In order to clarify these data, a systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statement, with the aim to analyze the research on expressed homonegativity among athletes and the discrimination perceived by LGB people involved in sport contexts. Thirty-eight articles were included. Although half of the included research identified, mainly among younger generations, positive attitudes toward homosexuality, an adherence to an orthodox masculinity and veiled discriminatory expressions persist. In addition, several papers identified overt discrimination, and LGB athletes often perceive sport contexts as discriminatory. Even seemingly “positive,” results should therefore be interpreted with caution. Evidence suggests the connection with stereotypical requirements and a heteronormative and homonegative cultural system could be maintained in apparently innocuous behaviors and expressions. Further interventions are necessary in order to sensitize sporting contexts regarding homosexuality-related issues and to promote inclusive attitudes.