The Capabilities of FY-3D/MERSI-II Sensor to Detect and Quantify Thermal Volcanic Activity: The 2020–2023 Mount Etna Case Study

Satellite data provide crucial information to better understand volcanic processes and mitigate associated risks. In recent years, exploiting the growing number of spaceborne polar platforms, several automated volcanic monitoring systems have been developed. These, however, rely on good geometrical and meteorological conditions, as well as on the occurrence of thermally detectable activity at the time of acquisition. A multiplatform approach can thus increase the number of volcanological-suitable scenes, minimise the temporal gap between acquisitions, and provide crucial information on the onset, evolution, and conclusion of both transient and long-lasting volcanic episodes. In this work, we assessed the capabilities of the MEdium Resolution Spectral Imager-II (MERSI-II) sensor aboard the Fengyun-3D (FY-3D) platform to detect and quantify heat flux sourced from volcanic activity. Using the Middle Infrared Observation of Volcanic Activity (MIROVA) algorithm, we processed 3117 MERSI-II scenes of Mount Etna acquired between January 2020 and February 2023. We then compared the Volcanic Radiative Power (VRP, in Watt) timeseries against those obtained by MODIS and VIIRS sensors. The remarkable agreement between the timeseries, both in trends and magnitudes, was corroborated by correlation coefficients (?) between 0.93 and 0.95 and coefficients of determination (R-2) ranging from 0.79 to 0.84. Integrating the datasets of the three sensors, we examined the effusive eruption of Mount Etna started on 27 November 2022, and estimated a total volume of erupted lava of 8.15 +/- 2.44 x 10(6) m(3) with a Mean Output Rate (MOR) of 1.35 +/- 0.40 m(3) s(-1). The reduced temporal gaps between acquisitions revealed that rapid variations in cloud coverage as well as geometrically unfavourable conditions play a major role in thermal volcano monitoring. Evaluating the capabilities of MERSI-II, we also highlight how a multiplatform approach is essential to enhance the efficiency of satellite-based systems for volcanic surveillance.