Serendipitous Adrenal Hyperplasia in Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department for Suspected SARS-CoV-2 Infection is Linked to Increased Mortality

Background Few data are available on adrenal morphology in patients with acute diseases, although it is known that endogenous glucocorticoids are essential for survival under stress conditions and that an adequate response is driven by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Aims The aim of this study was to assess adrenal morphology in patients with acute disease compared with patients with non-acute disease. Methods This cross-sectional study included: 402 patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) for suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection (March–May, 2020) [main cohort]; 200 patients admitted to the ED for acute conditions (December 2018–February 2019) [control group A]; 200 outpatients who underwent radiological evaluation of non-acute conditions (January–February 2019) [control group B]. Chest and/or abdominal CT scans were reviewed to identify adrenal nodules or hyperplasia. Results In the main cohort, altered adrenal morphology was found in 24.9% of the patients (15.4% adrenal hyperplasia; 9.5% adrenal nodules). The frequency of adrenal hyperplasia was higher both in the main cohort (15.4%) and control group A (15.5%) compared to control group B (8.5%; p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively). In the main cohort, 14.9% patients died within 30 d. According to a multivariate analysis, adrenal hyperplasia was an independent risk factor for mortality (p = 0.04), as were older age (p <0.001) and active cancer (p = 0.01). Conclusions The notable frequency of adrenal hyperplasia in patients with acute diseases suggests an exaggerated activation of the HPA axis due to stressful conditions. The increased risk of short-term mortality found in patients with adrenal hyperplasia suggests that it may be a possible hallmark of worse prognosis.