Replicative experimental use of Palaeolithic Ground Stone Tools: Tracing and quantifying wear

Advancements in microscopy technology have supported the traceological community in the pursuit of developing a quantitative approach in the field of use-wear analysis. The application of profilometry as a typical tribological tool, by providing micro-topographical scanning of artefact surfaces, has significantly expanded our capabilities, allowing us to (i) capture highly detailed micro-to-submicron-scale surface texture features, and (ii) attempt the calculation of various quantitative indices for characterising surface topography. The acquisition and statistical analysis of micro-topographical maps of the surface pose challenges when applied to Ground Stone Tools (GSTs), given their inherent petrographic and geometrical characteristics, as well as the diverse tasks these tools might have been involved in. In this pursuit, experimental replicas become indispensable, laying the groundwork for meaningful comparisons. By organising experiments sequentially and capturing surface texture at various stages of the replicative use, we achieve a dynamic comprehension of the evolution of the selected features over time. This study specifically hones in on task-specific experimental GSTs employed for the processing of various plant organs selected among those present across the Pontic steppe during the Marine Isotopic Stage 3 (60-25 kyr). Exploiting confocal profilometry, the data acquired support a robust quantitative approach, enabling the discernment of specific features and trends linked to the treatment of different plant organs. This methodological advancement plays a key role in distinguishing the varied activities undertaken by these tools, thereby establishing a fundamental basis for future comparisons with archaeological artefacts and eventually contributing to expanding the range of tool use in the Palaeolithic.