Demographic Pressure as a Factor in Inter-ethnic Conflicts: Evidence from Colombia

This article explores the link between demographic pressure and inter-ethnic conflicts. Relying on a mixed-methods approach applied to the paradigmatic case of the Cauca region of Colombia, we argue that demographic pressure can play an important role in explaining a recent wave of conflicts between indigenous, mestizo peasant and Afro-Colombian communities. We find that increasing population density within indigenous territories (resguardos) increases the probability of conflict, and that this effect is most acute in resguardos with limited agricultural area. We also describe the complexities of claims and strategies linked to these conflicts and the impact on social relationships and livelihoods. We advocate for a more holistic understanding of land struggles, one that moves the discussion beyond territorial recognition for indigenous peoples and engages with the multiple challenges ethnic communities are facing, including demographic pressure, land scarcity, environmental fragility and endemic poverty and marginalization.