Ultrasonic Disintegration of Municipal Sludge: Fundamental Mechanisms, Process Intensification and Industrial Sono‐Reactors

Sludge disintegration is an environmental and industrial challenge that requires intensive research and technological development. Sludge has a complex structure with a high yield of various chemical and biological compounds. Anaerobic digestion is the most commonly used process for sludge disintegration to produce biogas, detoxify sludge, and generate biosolids that can be used in agriculture . Biological cell lysis is the rate-limiting cell lysis. This review discusses the application of sonolysis as a sludge pretreatment for enhanced anaerobic digestion via three combined processes: thermal destruction, hydrochemical shear forces, and radical oxidation. The mechanistic pathways of sono-pretreatment to enhance biogas, sludge-enhanced dewatering, activation of filamentous bacteria, oxidation of organic pollutants, release of heavy metals, reduction of bulking and foaming sludge, and boosting ammonia-oxidizing bacterial activity are discussed in this review. This article also discusses the use of ultrasound in sludge disintegration, highlighting its potential in conjunction with Fenton and cation-binding agents, and reviews common large scale sonoreactors available on the market.