Biomarkers in multiple sclerosis

The search for biomarkers in multiple sclerosis (MS) is a wide area of interest, due to the complexity and unpredictability of the disease: from pathogenesis and disease course further down to treatment options. In the last few decades, the use of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers has become a staple in MS diagnosis, especially after the reintroduction of CSF study in the latest diagnostic criteria. On the other hand, evidence on serum biomarkers is rapidly growing, suggesting their potential future applications in clinical practice, as is the case with serum neurofilaments. In this chapter, we discuss the main biological markers, chosen by their utility in MS prediction, diagnosis, prognosis, disease activity, and treatment management.