Nonlinear vocal phenomena in African penguin begging calls: occurrence, significance and potential applications

African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) extensively use high-frequency food solicitation signals (begging calls) to request food from parents. We studied the occurrence of nonlinear vocal phenomena (NLP) in begging calls in 91 hand-reared penguin chicks at the Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds. For each chick, we recorded the begging calls daily, from the hatching of wild abandoned eggs to the release of the chicks into the wild approximately three months later. We found that most (70%) of begging calls contain NLP. The most frequently observed are sidebands (54.1%) and deterministic chaos (71.4%), and these phenomena often coexist (26.5%). We suggest that the aperiodic chaotic features of begging calls assist in increasing adults' attention and avoiding habituation. The occurrence of NLP also depends on the penguins' age, with older chicks producing more NLP in their calls. Moreover, we found that NLP significantly increased in chicks after contracting a respiratory disease (for example, bacterial infections or aspergillosis). Such findings might be useful for the timely diagnosis of penguins needing veterinary treatment, contributing to conservation efforts for this endangered species.