Neuronavigation: Neuroimaging Applied to Neuromodulation and Neurosurgery

Neuronavigation has revolutionised neurosurgery by enabling precise targeting of brain structures through the integration of real-time surgical navigation and advanced neuroimaging (CT, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fMRI). Recent advances in infrared and electromagnetic technology have improved preoperative assessment, surgical planning and intraoperative guidance for procedures such as biopsies, tumour resections and deep brain stimulation (DBS). This chapter focuses on structural and functional neuroimaging modalities and their applications in surgical planning and execution. It also examines how neuronavigation contributes to neuromodulation techniques (DBS, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)), tumour resection and epilepsy surgery. Emerging technologies such as resting-state fMRI and portable imaging systems for the operating theatre (POSITs) are discussed. The chapter concludes with an outlook on future developments, including the integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning and augmented/virtual reality to further improve accuracy and efficiency in neurosurgical practice. The continued integration of neuroimaging remains critical to optimising neurosurgical outcomes.