{Adaptation of Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica) to Urban Environments: Population Dynamics and Habitat Preferences in Zielona G{\'{o}}ra (Poland) over 23 Years}

This study investigates the changes in population size, distribution, and habitat preferences of the Eurasian magpie Pica pica in Zielona G{\'{o}}ra over 23 years, emphasising the effects of urbanisation and habitat transformation. A comprehensive survey con- ducted in 2022 identified 953 magpie pairs, with an average density of 8.8 pairs/km2 across the current administrative boundaries of Zielona G{\'{o}}ra (without forests), and 27.7 pairs/km2 in strictly urbanised zones. The highest densities were observed in the old town (36.5 pairs/km2) and residential blocks (34.5 pairs/km2), while peripheral areas, like allotment gardens and industrial zones, showed significantly lower densities. The nests were predominantly located in coniferous trees, especially spruces, marking a shift from the previously favoured poplars. The mean nest height was 11.8 m, varying by habitat type, with the highest nests found in the old town and parks. Environmental factors, such as proximity to trash bins, water sources, and tall trees, were significant predictors of nest density and placement. These findings underscore the magpie's adaptability to urban environments, influenced by the availability of anthropogenic resources, habitat structure, and surrounding urban features.