Industrial symbiosis patterns in eco-industrial parks: A sectoral analysis based on global empirical data

Industrial Symbiosis is a recognised model for promoting sustainable production systems. Its feasibility varies significantly depending on the sector. Only a limited number of studies have addressed Industrial Symbiosis from a sectoral perspective, thereby hindering the capabilities of policymakers to make informed decisions about sectoral regulations and investments. The present study utilises Eco-Industrial Parks as a unit of analysis, enabling an in-depth investigation of their sectoral structures and the mapping of current symbiotic patterns worldwide. The aim of the study is twofold: (i) to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the feasibility of Industrial Symbiosis across sectors, with the aim of identifying which economic sectors are more likely to be involved in symbiotic exchanges and with which role; and (ii) to provide additional insights into the sectoral characteristics at the park level that enable symbiotic performance, in terms of the number of established flows. 999 symbiotic flows occurring within 71 parks are mapped and analysed using different statistical tools. At the park level, a multiple linear regression is employed to understand how symbiotic performance can be affected by sectoral variety, sectoral anchorage, sectoral specialisation of producers, and sectoral specialisation of utilisers. The study offers useful implications to inform decision-making at both the macro and micro levels, in terms of funding allocation, framework agreements and industrial planning. Not only does it draw symbiotic sectoral profiles and highlight the sectors most engaged in symbiotic activities, but it also uncovers the structural sectoral characteristics of parks that enhance the establishment of symbiotic flows.