Hybrid superconducting energy pipelines: key cost thresholds and system implications for Italy

Hydrogen is a key vector for energy-sector decarbonization by 2050, yet large-scale transmission options are limited. This study evaluates the cost-competitiveness of a hybrid SuperConducting Energy Pipeline (SCEP) simultaneously delivering electricity and liquid hydrogen, firstly introduced in a scenario-based capacity expansion analysis within a multi-vector energy system model. A multi-region optimization model of the Italian power and hydrogen sectors is developed using the open-source TEMOA-Italy framework. Multiple scenarios to 2050 explore emission targets, hydrogen generation options, and techno-economic parameters to assess SCEP deployment relative to conventional transmission lines. Results show the specific SCEP configuration becomes cost-effective below a capital cost around 610 M€/km/MW, or 1430 M€/km/MW if conventional line costs double. When adopted, SCEP promotes centralized hydrogen generation in high-renewable regions, increasing 2050 electrolysis output in Sardegna by ~10 times. Findings highlight SCEP's potential role in the Italian energy transition under specific economic and policy conditions.