Glacier speed-up as a possible precursor to volcanic eruptions at Mount Veniaminof, Alaska

Identifying early indicators of volcanic eruptions is a fundamental part of natural hazard management but is notoriously difficult. Here we consider whether monitoring changes in glacier velocity can help. We use satellite images to investigate changes in the surface velocity of Cone Glacier (Alaska) between November 2017 and January 2022, a period encompassing two eruptions of Mount Veniaminof on which the glacier sits. Our data show high glacier velocities months prior to these eruptions and low velocities immediately before, during and after the 2018 eruption, likely caused by volcanically triggered ice melt and associated changes in subglacial water pressures. Evidence for elevated velocities months prior to eruptions is particularly important and indicates that glacier speed-up might be an early indicator of volcanic unrest. Thus, glaciers could serve as tools for volcano monitoring and eruption forecasting since more than 2500 glaciers globally are located within 5Â km of an active volcano. © The Author(s), 2025.