Clove as a Versatile Resource: CuO Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Role in Eugenol-Based Triazole Synthesis

As eco-friendly processes become central to modern organic synthesis, plant-based materials are emerging as attractive alternatives for both nanoparticle fabrication and catalysis. In this study, we explore the use of clove extract, a natural and renewable resource, for the green synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles and their subsequent application in organic transformations. Clove extract was employed to reduce copper chloride via a simple co-precipitation method under mild conditions, yielding CuO nanoparticles characterized by XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDX techniques. These nanoparticles were then used as catalysts in the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) to afford eugenol-based 1,2,3-triazoles in excellent yields. This dual use of clove extract exemplifies a sustainable approach that merges natural product valorization with efficient catalysis for triazole synthesis.