Endovascular robotics: technical advances and future directions

Endovascular interventions excel in treating cardiovascular diseases in a minimally invasive manner, showing improved outcomes over open techniques. However, challenges related to precise navigation–still relying on 2D fluoroscopy–persist. This review examines the role of robotics, highlighting commercial and research platforms, while exploring emerging trends like MRI compatibility, enhanced navigation, and autonomy. MRI-compatible systems offer radiation-free 3D imaging. Human-robot interaction evolves with task-specific interfaces, while autonomy ranges from partial to full, aiding clinical operators. Challenges include complexity and cost, emphasizing compatibility and navigation advancements. Integrating MRI-compatible robots, refining human-robot interaction, and enhancing autonomy promise advancements in endovascular surgery, fueled by AI and innovative imaging.