Topic This systematic review evaluates the methodologies used for assessing the macular neovascularization (MNV) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) using OCT angiography (OCTA). It focuses on identifying methodological heterogeneity in imaging and analysis protocols and its implications for clinical and research applications. Clinical Relevance Accurate assessment of MNV is critical for understanding disease activity, monitoring treatment response, and guiding clinical management in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). OCT angiography offers noninvasive, high-resolution visualization of neovascular networks, but variability in device types, scan protocols, segmentation strategies, and postprocessing methods hampers reproducibility and comparability across studies. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed (Medline) and the Cochrane Library from inception through April 3, 2025. The review protocol was prospectively registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD420251046977). Studies included patients with nAMD who underwent OCTA for MNV evaluation, irrespective of device type or scan parameters. Data extraction focused on OCTA technology, scan sizes, segmentation strategies, image processing techniques, quantitative metrics, and approaches to artifact reduction. A descriptive synthesis was performed. Results A total of 155 studies, comprising 9025 patients (9669 eyes), were included. MNV subtypes included type 1 (5059 eyes), type 2 (973 eyes), type 3 (321 eyes), and mixed lesions (138 eyes); 12 studies did not specify subtype. OCT angiography devices included spectral-domain (86 studies) and swept-source systems (64 studies), with PLEX Elite 9000 and RTVue XR Avanti most frequently used. Scan sizes varied, predominantly 3 × 3 and 6 × 6 mm. Segmentation strategies and slab boundaries exhibited marked heterogeneity, with frequent manual corrections required for accurate visualization. Quantitative analyses used diverse thresholding and binarization techniques, and only a minority of studies addressed projection artifact correction, highlighting substantial variability in methodological approaches across studies. Conclusion OCT angiography provides a detailed, noninvasive assessment of MNV in AMD, but methodological heterogeneity—including variability in devices, scan protocols, segmentation, binarization, and artifact management—limits comparability across studies. Standardized imaging and analytical protocols are urgently needed to improve reproducibility, enable reliable biomarker development, and enhance clinical utility in AMD management. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
Macular Neovascularization in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Novarese, Cristina;Reibaldi, Michele;Borrelli, Enrico
2026-01-01
Abstract
Topic This systematic review evaluates the methodologies used for assessing the macular neovascularization (MNV) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) using OCT angiography (OCTA). It focuses on identifying methodological heterogeneity in imaging and analysis protocols and its implications for clinical and research applications. Clinical Relevance Accurate assessment of MNV is critical for understanding disease activity, monitoring treatment response, and guiding clinical management in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). OCT angiography offers noninvasive, high-resolution visualization of neovascular networks, but variability in device types, scan protocols, segmentation strategies, and postprocessing methods hampers reproducibility and comparability across studies. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed (Medline) and the Cochrane Library from inception through April 3, 2025. The review protocol was prospectively registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD420251046977). Studies included patients with nAMD who underwent OCTA for MNV evaluation, irrespective of device type or scan parameters. Data extraction focused on OCTA technology, scan sizes, segmentation strategies, image processing techniques, quantitative metrics, and approaches to artifact reduction. A descriptive synthesis was performed. Results A total of 155 studies, comprising 9025 patients (9669 eyes), were included. MNV subtypes included type 1 (5059 eyes), type 2 (973 eyes), type 3 (321 eyes), and mixed lesions (138 eyes); 12 studies did not specify subtype. OCT angiography devices included spectral-domain (86 studies) and swept-source systems (64 studies), with PLEX Elite 9000 and RTVue XR Avanti most frequently used. Scan sizes varied, predominantly 3 × 3 and 6 × 6 mm. Segmentation strategies and slab boundaries exhibited marked heterogeneity, with frequent manual corrections required for accurate visualization. Quantitative analyses used diverse thresholding and binarization techniques, and only a minority of studies addressed projection artifact correction, highlighting substantial variability in methodological approaches across studies. Conclusion OCT angiography provides a detailed, noninvasive assessment of MNV in AMD, but methodological heterogeneity—including variability in devices, scan protocols, segmentation, binarization, and artifact management—limits comparability across studies. Standardized imaging and analytical protocols are urgently needed to improve reproducibility, enable reliable biomarker development, and enhance clinical utility in AMD management. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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