The emergence of governance modes in protected areas: navigating hierarchical and collaborative approaches in regional parks

This paper explores the dynamics of collaborative versus hierarchical modes of governance in the management of protected areas. It examines the factors that influence their emergence, and their impact on conflict management approaches among stakeholders. Drawing on two case studies – Cuenca Alta del Manzanares Park in Spain and Mincio Park in Italy – the research reveals that collaborative governance tends to emerge where there are prior networks, policy entrepreneurs and the awareness of mutual dependence between actors on addressing policy goals. Further, it performs better in conflict resolution, formulating innovative solutions and preserving protected areas. These findings contribute to broader debates on public policy, network governance and environmental management, illustrating the complex interplay between institutional context, actor relationships and conflict management in shaping governance outcomes.