Rethinking ESG-driven innovation in early-stage digital startups

Prevailing narratives suggest that ESG disclosure in startups fuels innovation and growth, yet most evidence comes from large, established firms. This paper examines how industry context, codified knowledge assets, and website‑based ESG disclosure intensity are associated with revenue and employment growth in early‑stage European digitalised startups with stable online footprints and complete linked data. Using a knowledge‑based and industry‑context framework, we treat sector‑level opportunity and codified knowledge assets as the primary structural and firm‑level conditions, and website‑based ESG disclosure intensity as a comparatively low‑cost, potentially weak signal. The empirical analysis draws on a two‑tier design: a broader frame of 2465 European digitalised startups and a selected analytical sample of 144 ventures for which archived website text, a composite measure of codified knowledge assets, mapped OECD sector‑level contextual proxies, and five‑year growth outcomes are available. In this selected analytical sample, codified knowledge assets are consistently and positively associated with both revenue and employment growth. In contrast, the sector‑level contextual proxy is positively associated only with employment growth. By contrast, website‑based ESG disclosure intensity shows no robust direct association with either growth outcome nor a strong baseline association with codified knowledge. The study offers boundary‑setting evidence on ESG‑growth relationships in early‑stage digitalised startups with observable website disclosure. In this setting, industry context and codified knowledge assets dominate the observed short‑term growth associations, whereas website‑based ESG disclosure intensity functions as a low‑cost signal with limited observable short‑term implications.