Water deficit regimes trigger changes in valuable physiological and phytochemical parameters in Helichrysum petiolare Hilliard & B.L. Burtt

The genus Helichrysum Miller is a source of many bioactive metabolites commonly used in tradi-tional medicine. In particular, Helichrysum petiolare Hilliard & B.L. Burtt shows activities as antiseptic,anti-inflammatory and in the control of anxiety disorder. Biosynthesis and accumulation of secondarymetabolites is a defense mechanism of plants and it is strictly influenced by the surrounding environmen-tal conditions. In this study, drought was imposed on H. petiolare (HEL008 clone CREA-Sanremo collection)to understand the effect of water stress on the dynamics of plant biomass and secondary metabolites pro-duction, and the morphological and physiological mechanisms involved in plant responses. H. petiolarewas cultivated for 34 days under three water regimes: 100% of container capacity (CC, control), 50% CC(moderate water stress), and 0% CC (severe water stress). Plant growth traits, leaf water potential, gasexchange parameters, phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity changes weredetermined twice a week, while the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and essential oils (Eos) at theend of the trial. Severe water stress dramatically reduced aerial and root dry weight, chlorophyll andcarotenoid content, leaf water potential, water use efficiency (WUE, A/E), transpiration rate (E), stomatalconductance (gs), net photosynthetic rate (A) and antioxidant activity. Moderate water stress inducedonly slight changes and led to an increase of WUE at the end of the experiment. The total amount of VOCsand Eos was not affected by water stress while their quality changed. Moderate water stress increasedthe main constituents of both VOCs, i.e. the monoterpene hydrocarbons, and Eos, i.e., the oxygenatedsesquiterpenes. In conclusion, this H. petiolare cultivation under the applied moderate drought conditioncould lead to a double benefit i.e., water-saving irrigation practice and high quality metabolite production.