A reliability generalization meta-analysis of self-report measures of muscle dysmorphia

This study is a reliability generalization meta-analysis that reviews continuous measures used to assess muscle dysmorphia (MD): The Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale, Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory, four different versions of the Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory, Adonis Complex Questionnaire, and the Modified Dysmorphia Symptoms Questionnaire. A total of 15,156 individuals from 61 studies provided 73 reliability estimates (alpha coefficients and/or test–retest reliability coefficients) for this meta-analysis. Random- and mixed-effects models were applied in the statistical analyses. We present the average reliability estimates for each measure, moderator analysis of reliability estimates across a wide variety of study characteristics, and the reliability induction rate. In light of this, we make specific recommendations for researchers and health practitioners seeking to measure MD.