Intranasal atomization of ketamine, medetomidine and butorphanol for the induction on anesthesia in rabbits

Rabbits can be easily stressed during restraint for administration of drugs, leading to possible stress-related metabolic changes and musculoskeletal trauma. A non-invasive method of drug delivery, the intranasal administration with MAD Nasal™ (Mucosal Atomization Device) has shown positive results in human Medicine, especially in the pediatric field [1], and in some animal species [2]. Also, transnasal administration has been evaluated in rabbits [3]. The aim of this study was the evaluation of intranasal atomization for the induction of anesthesia in rabbits using MAD Nasal™.