High-resolution temporal variations of nitrate in a high-elevation pond in alpine tundra (NW Italian Alps)

High-resolution temporal measurements in remote, high-elevation surface waters are required to better understand the dynamics of nitrate (NO3-) in response to changes in meteoclimatic conditions. This study reports on the first use of a UV–Vis submersible spectrophotometric probe (UV–Vis probe) to measure the hourly concentration of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) in a pond located at 2722 m a.s.l. in an alpine tundra area (NW Italian Alps), during two snow-free seasons (July–October) in 2014 and 2015. Weekly analyses of NO3--N and stable isotopes of water (δ18O and δ2H), together with continuous meteorological, water temperature, and turbidity measurements, were performed over the same period. The integration of in-situ UV–Vis spectrophotometric measurements with weekly samples allowed depicting the role of summer precipitation, snow melt, and temperature (air and water) in influencing NO3- dynamics. Short-duration meteorological events (e.g., summer storms and rain-on-snow events) produced rapid variations of in-pond NO3- concentration, i.e., fivefold increase in 18 h, that would not be detectable using the traditional manual collection of discrete samples. The observed seasonal variability of NO3􀀀concentration, negatively correlated with water temperature, highlighted the important role of in-pond biological processes leading to an enhanced N uptake and to the lowest NO3- concentration in the warmer periods. The occurrence of heavy rainfall events critically altered the expected seasonal NO3- trends, increasing the N supply to the pond. The comparison of N dynamics in two years characterised by extremely different meteoclimatic conditions allowed us to obtain insights on the potential effects of climate changes (e.g., high air temperature, heavy rainfalls, and rain-on-snow events) on sensitive aquatic ecosystems as high-elevation ponds.