DNA metabarcoding of gut microbiota reveals considerable taxonomic differences among wild individuals of the dung beetle Trypocopris pyrenaeus (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae)

The gut microbiota of dung beetles comprises bacteria, archaea, and fungi. Most studies have only considered the bacterial element and focused on diff erences between species reared in the lab. This study considered microorganisms from the gut of Trypocopris pyrenaeus and concentrated on diff erences among wild individuals of an alpine Italian population. We revealed remarkable interindividual variation in the taxonomic composition of microbiota. Core taxa were few, while individuals harboured many exclusive taxa. Therefore, considering only a few individuals to describe the microbiota of a species is not sufficient. The study also revealed that the nMDS ordination of individuals based on prokaryotes was diff erent from that based on fungi, meaning that both groups should be considered in microbiota analyses and that one microbic group cannot be considered a surrogate of the other. We identifi ed many functions potentially provided by the microbiota and found the taxonomic richness of prokaryotes to be positively correlated with their functional richness. The analysis of the functions potentially provided by these microorganisms confi rmed that the gut microbiota, in addition to being essential for the health of their host, may also contribute to the effective functioning of the ecosystems of which dung beetles are part.