Green solutions and new technologies for sustainable management of fungus and oomycete diseases in the citrus fruit supply chain

This review deals with major diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes in the citrus supply chain, including post-harvest fruit diseases, and summarizes the strategies and techniques that may be adopted to prevent the damages and losses they cause. Its scope is to highlight the contribute that smart technologies provide towards new solutions for sustainable and safe management strategies of these diseases. Particular attention is given to the application of biopesticides, natural substances, resistance inducers and biostimulants to prevent fruit rots. The review focuses also on mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi that contaminate fresh fruit and food products derived from citrus fruit, an aspect that has been little investigated and regulated so far. An additional relevant aspect addressed by the review is the early detection and routine diagnosis of fungal and oomycete pathogens that threat the international trade and long-distance shipment of citrus fruit, with a particular emphasis on quarantine pathogens. In this respect, the opportunities offered by new practical, rapid, sensitive and robust molecular diagnostic methods are briefly discussed.