Greener alternatives to helium in GC-FID/MS for fragrance analysis: performance and sustainability assessment

In response to the rising cost of helium and growing environmental concerns, this study investigates the use of alternative carrier gases namely hydrogen and nitrogen for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection (GC-FID/MS) analysis of fragrance compounds. The work compares these gases to helium using both standard (0.25 mm dc) and narrow-bore (0.18 mm dc) capillary columns. Method translation was carried out by optimizing flow rates and temperature programs to ensure analytical comparability and reduced analysis time. Hydrogen demonstrated significant advantages, including shortened run times and improved signal-to-noise ratios, due to narrower peak widths. In contrast, nitrogen—while inert and safer—yielded reduced sensitivity and altered mass spectral fragmentation, necessitating specific spectral libraries. Analytical performance was evaluated through different parameters such as resolution, limits of detection and quantification, spectral similarity, and quantification accuracy (absolute and relative). A holistic assessment was conducted using the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) model, which integrates analytical performance (red), environmental impact (green), and practical aspects such as cost and productivity (blue). Hydrogen- based methods, especially when used with in-lab gas generators, emerged as the most balanced solution, offering robust analytical performance, reduced energy consumption, and a lower environmental footprint. The proposed approach provides validated and sustainable alternatives for routine fragrance analysis and quality control, aligning with the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry. These findings support a broader transition toward eco-friendly methodologies in the fragrance and consumer product sectors.