Energyscapes: The place-based nature of energy vulnerability in the Italian provinces

The aim of this study is to investigate whether and how, during the reference period of observation, territorial exposure – related factors – socio spatial energy vulnerability – differs at the provincial level in Italy, thereby generating distinct clusters of energy vulnerability and related material deprivation, the energyscapes. To achieve this, we constructed a multidimensional index composed of relevant indicators, based on both a review of prior studies employing similar approaches and the available data for Italy. We then conducted a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), followed by a Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. Three cluster – energyscapes – emerged, delineating territorially characterized vulnerabilities founded on two key features: (i) the conurbative nature of provinces and (ii) their geographical location. Socio-economic, demographic, and housing-related vulnerabilities predominate and coexist in provinces linked to the most populous cities, illustrating a potential multiplier effect of vulnerability. Simultaneously, a clear geographical division emerges with respect to infrastructural vulnerability, which is most prevalent in central-southern regions. This finding opens up considerations on the material foundational economy of energy. Overall, our results advance the socio-spatial analysis of this phenomenon through both household -based and foundational lens, offering insights into policy implications that arise from a localized and multidimensional perspective.