Exploring Dietary Intake in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Using GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are increasingly used in type 2 diabetes (T2D) management for their glycemic and weight benefits. However, their appetite-suppressing effects may influence dietary intake and nutrient adequacy, yet real-world evidence is scarce. Objective: To evaluate dietary intake and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in adults with T2D treated with GLP-1RAs compared to those receiving other oral hypoglycemic agents. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 103 adults with T2D (mean age 66 ± 8 years; 65% male) attending a diabetes clinic in Turin, Italy, were enrolled between February and June 2025. Dietary habits were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated via the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS). Anthropometric, biochemical, and lifestyle data were collected. Results: Fifty-two participants (50.5%) were treated with GLP-1RAs (semaglutide 55.8%, dulaglutide 40.4%). No significant differences in energy intake, macronutrient distribution, or MDS were observed between groups. Overall, diets were characterized by low carbohydrate intake (~44% of energy), inadequate fiber (≈11 g/1000 kcal), and high fat intake (≈39–40% of energy), with saturated fat below 10%. None of the GLP-1RA users met fiber recommendations. Subgroup analysis by treatment duration (<1 year, 1–2 years, >2 years) revealed no significant differences in dietary patterns. Conclusions: Patients with T2D, regardless of pharmacological treatment, exhibited poor adherence to dietary guidelines. These findings highlight the need for structured nutritional counseling alongside GLP-1RA therapy to optimize metabolic outcomes and prevent nutritional deficiencies.