Effects of feeding Spodoptera littoralis on lima bean leaves. III. Membrane depolarization and involvement of hydrogen peroxide

In response to herbivore (Spodoptera littoralis) attack, lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) leaves produced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in concentrations that were higher when compared to mechanically damaged (MD) leaves. Cellular and subcellular localization analyses revealed that H2O2 was mainly localized in MD and herbivore-wounded (HW) zones and spread throughout the veins and tissues. Preferentially, H2O2 was found in cell walls of spongy and mesophyll cells facing intercellular spaces, even though confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses also revealed the presence of H2O2 in mitochondria/peroxisomes. Increased gene and enzyme activations of superoxide dismutase after HW were in agreement with confocal laser scanning microscopy data. After MD, additional application of H2O2 prompted a transient transmembrane potential (V-m) depolarization, with aV(m) depolarization rate that was higher when compared to HW leaves. In transgenic soybean (Glycine max) suspension cells expressing the Ca2(+)-sensing aequorin system, increasing amounts of added H2O2 correlated with a higher cytosolic calcium ([Ca2(+)](cyt)) concentration. In MD and HW leaves, H2O2 also triggered the increase of [Ca2(+)] cyt, but MD-elicited [Ca2(+)](cyt) increase was more pronounced when compared to HW leaves after addition of exogenous H2O2. The results clearly indicate that V-m depolarization caused by HW makes the membrane potential more positive and reduces the ability of lima bean leaves to react to signaling molecules.