The majority of the musculoskeletal injuries of Thoroughbred racehorses occur while racing (42%) and in training sessions (39%) with failure of the suspensory apparatus most common. Risk for injury is associated with the rate of high magnitude loading (exercise intensity) during repetitive activities. A computer dynamic simulation of the stance phase of gallop at racing speed could greatly enhance our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of many lamenesses and the development of preventive strategies. A three-dimensional computer model of the equine forelimb applied to sagittal plane motion was developed using musculoskeletal modeling software (SIMM®), along with SD/Fast dynamic software. The model represents a 170 cm withers tall, 490 kg, 4 year old Thoroughbred racehorse and simulates the dynamics of the distal forelimb during the stance phase of full speed gallop. The computer model is composed of 12 segments (ten bony segments, one hoof segment and one shoe segment) , 6 anatomical joints including the movement of the proximal and distal sesamoid bones, 9 muscles and 12 sets of ligaments. The 3-D musculoskeletal geometry was generated from an isolated equine forelimb using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and image analysis software (AnalyzeTM). Joint definition in two dimensions includes rotation and translation between bones, and was defined based on a serial radiographic study and CT data. Muscle-tendon forces parameters were determined based on anatomical dissection and MRI/CT measurements and scaled by the activation state of the muscle based on electromyography data.
A computer dynamic model generation of the musculoskeletal structures of the Thoroughbred distal forelimb.
ZARUCCO, Laura;
1997-01-01
Abstract
The majority of the musculoskeletal injuries of Thoroughbred racehorses occur while racing (42%) and in training sessions (39%) with failure of the suspensory apparatus most common. Risk for injury is associated with the rate of high magnitude loading (exercise intensity) during repetitive activities. A computer dynamic simulation of the stance phase of gallop at racing speed could greatly enhance our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of many lamenesses and the development of preventive strategies. A three-dimensional computer model of the equine forelimb applied to sagittal plane motion was developed using musculoskeletal modeling software (SIMM®), along with SD/Fast dynamic software. The model represents a 170 cm withers tall, 490 kg, 4 year old Thoroughbred racehorse and simulates the dynamics of the distal forelimb during the stance phase of full speed gallop. The computer model is composed of 12 segments (ten bony segments, one hoof segment and one shoe segment) , 6 anatomical joints including the movement of the proximal and distal sesamoid bones, 9 muscles and 12 sets of ligaments. The 3-D musculoskeletal geometry was generated from an isolated equine forelimb using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and image analysis software (AnalyzeTM). Joint definition in two dimensions includes rotation and translation between bones, and was defined based on a serial radiographic study and CT data. Muscle-tendon forces parameters were determined based on anatomical dissection and MRI/CT measurements and scaled by the activation state of the muscle based on electromyography data.
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