The use of biomarkers for risk assessment: Reporting from the INTARESE/ENVIRISK Workshop in Prague.

This publication is a report on the workshop "The use of biomarkers for risk assessment" which took place in November 2007 in Prague, the Czech Republic. The main aim of the workshop was to bring together a broad international audience with a particular interest in the development and application of human biomonitoring (HBM) and biomarkers for environmental health research, and to provide a state-of-the art overview of the potential values and pitfalls of biomarkers in risk assessment. Throughout the presentations and the subsequent discussions, it was shown that human biomonitoring is a highly plastic and versatile tool for the unraveling of the link between contaminants in the environment and potentially associated health effects in the general population. Although it offers a means to integrate exposure through different environmental compartments, to integrate exposure over time, to include individual risk factors and genetic susceptibility, exposure biomarkers would greatly benefit from standardized, accurate and sensitive detection methods and toxicokinetic data. Effect biomarkers on the other hand need to be put into their relevant public health perspective, and well validated, mechanistically sound dose-response relationships are essential. New developments, such as in vitro assays and "-omics", may drastically improve our knowledge on the causal mechanisms behind environmental health associations and will allow for a more informed linkage of toxicological and epidemiological reality.