Slope viticulture risk factors impacting on the environment equilibrium. The case of North-West Italy.

Slope viticulture may harm the environment and soil fertility with direct impact on the socio-economic equilibrium of rural communities. Soil is to a large extent a not renewable resource and it is subjected to pressures which may damage its functional stability and fertility. Topography (especially steep slopes), abundance and distribution of rainfall (modified by climate change) and anthropic factors (great movement of soil during vineyard establishment, strong mechanization, soil tillage) may induce surface erosion and landslide formation and deplete soil fertility, with a decline in soil organic matter content. Organic matter, in particular, has a significant function in the soil because of its importance in maintaining chemical fertility, structure, water retention capacity and providing an energy source for soil micro-organisms. For these reasons it is essential to protect the soil, also through appropriate agronomic practices. In fact, agricultural activity, should guarantee the achievement of adequate quantitative and standards of yields, but should also take care of its role in protecting the environment and rural economy. Risk factors for an environment related to steep slope viticulture and the agronomic consequences are identified and described; environmental implications are discussed with special reference to the Langhe area (Piedmont, North-West Italy).