Trace elements in feathers of captive african penguins (Spheniscus demersus Linnaeus, 1758)

Bird feathers have been proven to be reliable indicators of metal exposure originating from contaminated food and polluted environments. The concentrations of 15 essential and non-essential metals were determined in the feathers of a large captive colony of African penguins. Mercury levels reflected the bioaccumulation phenomena that occur through marine food chains. Concentrations of chromium, manganese, and nickel were comparable to those registered in feathers of birds living in polluted areas. These findings suggest that the colony was affected by a moderate contamination. Our results are important for comparative studies regarding the health, nutrition and welfare of seabirds kept under human care.