Clinical and atopic features of patients with primary eosinophilic colitis: an Italian multicentre study

Eosinophilic colitis (EC) is the rarest among primary eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID). EC is underdiagnosed due to its blurred and proteiform clinical manifestations. To explore the clinical and atopic characteristic of EC adult patients, the diagnostic delay, and relapse-associated factors, by comparison with patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). EC patients followed-up at four clinics were included, and clinical, histopathological, and laboratory data were retrieved. As control groups, age-matched patients with EoE and IBS were recruited. Allergy tests included skin prick test and serum specific IgE. Diagnostic delay was assessed. Overall, data from 73 patients were retrieved, including 40 with EC (median age 39 years IQR 22.5–59, F:M 2.1:1), 12 with EoE (F:M ratio: 1:5), and 21 with IBS (F:M ratio: 1:0.9). The most common features in EC patients were female sex (67.5%), atopy (77.5%), abdominal pain/distention (70%), diarrhoea (77.5%), and faecal calprotectin elevation (22.5%). Blood eosinophils were elevated in EoE, but not in EC (p < 0.001), while ECP did not differ across the three groups (p = 0.4). The frequency of allergen sensitization reached 25% of patients. Several frequent pan-allergens for this region were present. The overall diagnostic delay was 10 months (IQR 4–15). Factors contributing to a greater diagnostic delay were atopy, weight loss, and a previous misdiagnosis. EC is mostly a diagnosis of exclusion, burdened by a substantial diagnostic delay. In female patients the presence of allergen sensitization, abdominal symptoms and faecal calprotectin elevation should raise the suspicion of EC.