Quantitative determination by UHPLC-MS/MS of 18 common drugs of abuse and metabolites, including THC and OH-THC, in volumetric dried blood spots: a sustainable method with minimally invasive sampling

The increased use of drugs of abuse urges forensic toxicologists to create quick, simple, minimally invasive sampling techniques for biological fluids combined with analytical methods assuring accurate results. To this purpose, a method was developed aimed at quantifying 18 drugs of abuse and metabolites in DBS. Validation of the method was conducted by spiking blank whole blood with the analytes on Capitainer® B cards. The extracts were analyzed by a targeted UHPLC-MS/MS method. Linear calibration was achieved in the range of 1–100 ng/mL for: amphetamine, MDA, MDMA, methamphetamine, cocaine, codeine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, morphine, 6-MAM, buprenorphine, methadone, EDDP, ketamine, norbuprenorphine norketamine, THC, and OH-THC. Experimental LOD was found at 0.5 ng/mL for all analytes except for norbuprenorphine, THC and THC-OH which yielded a LOD of 1 ng/mL. Intra- and inter-day accuracy was satisfactory with bias% resulting within 5%. Evaluation of intra- and inter-day precision yielded CV% values within 20%, for all compounds except EDDP. Average extraction recovery calculated at low (2 ng/mL) and high (75 ng/mL) concentration levels was 63% while average matrix effect determined at the same levels was found to be within 85% − 115% for all analytes except from codeine (70%) and MDMA (131%). The method was applied to authentic blood samples spotted onto the DBS card and the minimum value detected was 1.3 ng/mL. HPLC-MS/MS proved capable to identify all the targeted analytes at low concentrations in the small blood volumes obtainable from DBS cards, which in turn confirmed to be effective and sustainable micro-sampling devices.