Exploring fermentative skin contact effects and post-fermentative oxidation on phenolics, aroma, and sensory characteristics in white wine

Fermentative skin contact is increasingly applied in white winemaking, yet its compositional and sensory consequences remain underexplored. This study evaluated Arneis and Erbaluce wines produced under four maceration regimes (0, 2, 7, and 14 days), as well as the effect of post-fermentative oxygenation for each wine obtained. Phenolic composition was quantified by LC-MS/MS and spectrophotometry, volatile compounds by GC-MS, and sensory attributes through a trained panel using a Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) approach. Extended maceration substantially increased proanthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, hydroxycinnamates, and flavonols, reaching levels comparable to red wines, while color shifted toward deeper yellow hues. Oxygenation reduced monomeric flavanols and esters and amplified oxidative notes. Sensory evaluation revealed heightened astringency and dryness in long-macerated samples, alongside diminished fruity aromas. These findings demonstrate that fermentative maceration strongly modulates the phenolic and aroma profiles of white wines, with oxygen exposure further refining their sensory expression.